Kung Fu is an American action-adventuremartial arts westerndrama television series starring David Carradine. The series follows the adventures of Kwai Chang Caine, a Shaolin monk who travels through the American Old West, armed only with his spiritual training and his skill in martial arts, as he seeks Danny Caine, his half-brother.^[4]

Many of the aphorisms used in the series are adapted from or derived directly from the Tao Te Ching, a book of ancient Taoist philosophy attributed to the sage Lao-tzu.^[5][6][7]

• 2Cast
• 3Production
  • 3.1Development
• 5Sequels and spin-offs

Plot[edit]

Kwai Chang Caine (David Carradine) is the orphaned son of an American man, Thomas Henry Caine (Bill Fletcher), and a Chinese woman, Kwai Lin, in mid-19th-century China.^[8] After his maternal grandfather's death he is accepted for training at a Shaolin Monastery, where he grows up to become a Shaolin priest and martial arts expert.

In the pilot episode Caine's beloved mentor and elder, Master Po, is murdered by the Emperor's nephew; outraged, Caine retaliates by killing the nephew. With a price on his head, Caine flees China to the western United States, where he seeks to find his family roots and, ultimately, his half-brother, Danny Caine.

Although it is his intention to avoid notice, Caine's training and sense of social responsibility repeatedly force him out into the open, to fight for justice or protect the underdog. After each such encounter he must move on, both to avoid capture and prevent harm from coming to those he has helped. Searching for his family, he meets a preacher (played by real-life father John Carradine) and his mute sidekick Sonny Jim (played by real-life brother Robert Carradine), then his grandfather (played by Dean Jagger).

Flashbacks are often used to recall specific lessons from Caine's childhood training in the monastery from his teachers, the blind Master Po (Keye Luke) and Master Chen Ming Kan (Philip Ahn). Part of the appeal of the series was undoubtedly the emphasis laid, via the flashbacks, on the mental and spiritual power that Caine had gained from his rigorous training. In these flashbacks, Master Po calls his young student 'Grasshopper' in reference to a scene in the pilot episode:

Master Po: Close your eyes. What do you hear?
Young Caine: I hear the water, I hear the birds.
Po: Do you hear your own heartbeat?
Caine: No.
Po: Do you hear the grasshopper which is at your feet?
Caine: Old man, how is it that you hear these things?
Po: Young man, how is it that you do not?^[9]

During four episodes of the third and final season ('Barbary House', 'Flight to Orion', 'The Brothers Caine', and 'Full Circle'), Caine finds his brother Danny (Tim McIntire) and his nephew Zeke (John Blyth Barrymore).

Cast[edit]

Main cast[edit]

• David Carradine as Kwai Chang Caine (63 episodes)
• Radames Pera as Young Caine (48 episodes)
• Keye Luke as Master Po (48 episodes)
• Philip Ahn as Master Kan (40 episodes)

Guest cast[edit]

• Keith Carradine as Young Caine (uncredited, 2 episodes)
• John Carradine as Rev. Serenity Johnson (3 episodes)
• Bruce Carradine as Capt. Roy Starbuck (2 episodes)
• Robert Carradine as Sonny Jim (2 episodes)
• Harrison Ford as Harrison (1 episode)
• James Hong as Chun Yen (9 episodes)
• Victor Sen Yung as Tamo (8 episodes)
• Tim McIntire as Daniel Caine (6 episodes)
• Clyde Kusatsu as Han Su Lok (5 episodes)
• Leslie Nielsen as Vincent Corbino (4 episodes)
• John Blyth Barrymore as Zeke (4 episodes)
• John Drew Barrymore as Alex McGregor (1 episode)
• Anthony Zerbe as Paul Klempt (2 episodes)
• Barbara Hershey as Nan Chi (2 episodes)
• A Martinez as Slade (2 episodes)
• Jim Davis as Joe Walker (2 episodes)
• Eddie Albert as Dr. George Baxter (2 episodes)
• Nancy Kwan as Mayli Ho (2 episodes)
• Jodie Foster as Alethea Patricia Ingram (1 episode)
• Clu Gulager as Sheriff Rutledge (1 episode)
• Moses Gunn as Isaac Montola (1 episode)
• Tim Matheson as Lt. Bill Wyland (1 episode)
• Diana Muldaur as Theodora (1 episode)
• Lew Ayres as Beaumont (1 episode)
• Robert Foxworth as Captain Clyde McNelly (1 episode)
• Andrew Prine as White (1 episode)
• William Shatner as Capt. Brandywine Gage (1 episode)
• Brandon Cruz as Peter Gideon (1 episode)
• Pat Morita as Arthur Chen (1 episode)
• Don Johnson as Nashebo (1 episode)
• Stephanie Powers as Edna (1 episode)
• Kiel Martin as Marshal (1 episode)
• Merlin Olsen as Perlee Skowrin (1 episode)
• Carl Weathers as Bad Sam (1 episode)
• Wilford Brimley as Blacksmith (1 episode)
• Gary Busey as Josh (1 episode)
• Mako as Wong Ti Lu (1 episode)
• Slim Pickens as Bart Fisher (1 episode)
• José Feliciano as Jonno Marcado (1 episode)
• Cannonball Adderley as Trim Delaville (1 episode)
• Will Geer as Judge Emmitt Marcus (1 episode)

David Chow, who was also a guest star in the series, acted as the technical and kung fu advisor, a role later undertaken by Kam Yuen.

Production[edit]

Development[edit]

Kung Fu was created by Ed Spielman, directed and produced by Jerry Thorpe, and developed by Herman Miller, who was also a writer for, and co-producer of, the series.

Bruce Lee's involvement[edit]

In her memoirs, Bruce Lee's widow, Linda Lee Cadwell, asserts that Lee created the concept for the series, which was then stolen by Warner Bros. There is circumstantial evidence for this in a December 8, 1971, television interview that Bruce Lee gave on The Pierre Berton Show. In the interview, Lee stated that he had developed a concept for a television series called The Warrior, meant to star himself, about a martial artist in the American Old West (the same concept as Kung Fu, which aired the following year), but that he was having trouble pitching it to Warner Brothers and Paramount.

In the interview, Pierre Berton commented, 'There's a pretty good chance that you'll get a TV series in the States called 'The Warrior', in it, where you use what, the Martial Arts in Western setting?'

Lee responded, 'That was the original idea, ..both of them [Warner and Paramount], I think, they want me to be in a modernized type of a thing, and they think that the Western type of thing is out. Whereas I want to do the Western. Because, you see, how else can you justify all of the punching and kicking and violence, except in the period of the West?'

Later in the interview, Berton asked Lee about 'the problems that you face as a Chinese hero in an American series. Have people come up in the industry and said 'well, we don't know how the audience are going to take a non-American'?'

Lee replied, 'Well, such question has been raised, in fact, it is being discussed. That is why The Warrior is probably not going to be on.' Lee adds, 'They think that business-wise it is a risk. I don't blame them. If the situation were reversed, and an American star were to come to Hong Kong, and I was the man with the money, I would have my own concerns as to whether the acceptance would be there.'^[10]

Whether or not Kung Fu was based on a concept by Lee, he was undoubtedly considered for the starring role, according to Herbie Pilato in his 1993 book The Kung Fu Book of Caine: The Complete Guide to TV's First Mystical Eastern Western (pages 32–33), and David Carradine himself in a 1989 interview mentions that Bruce Lee was passed over for the role.

Broadcast[edit]

The series aired on ABC from October 1972 to April 1975 for a total of 63 episodes. Kung Fu was preceded by a full-length (90 minutes, with commercial breaks) feature television pilot, an ABC Movie of the Week, which was broadcast on February 22, 1972. The series became one of the most popular television programs of the early 1970s, receiving widespread critical acclaim and commercial success upon its release.^[11]

Sets[edit]

The Shaolin Monastery which appeared in flashbacks was originally a set used for the 1967 film Camelot. It was inexpensively and effectively converted for the setting in China.

Special effects[edit]

The series used slow-motion effects for the action sequences, which Warner Brothers had previously utilized in the 1969 Sam Peckinpah film The Wild Bunch, and were also subsequently utilized for the action sequences in the science-fiction series The Six Million Dollar Man.

Episodes[edit]

Sequels and spin-offs[edit]

Kung Fu: The Movie[edit]

In Kung Fu: The Movie (1986) Caine (played by Carradine) is forced to fight his hitherto unknown son, Chung Wang (played by Brandon Lee). Herbie Pilato in The Kung Fu Book of Caine (page 157) also comments that Bruce Lee's son, Brandon Lee, was involved in sequels related to the series:

The late Brandon Lee, son of Bruce Lee, played Caine's son, Chung Wang. Toward the end of the film, Chung Wang asks Caine if he is his father. The question seems somewhat ironic since—in real life—Brandon's father was a contender for the role of Caine in the series. After Bruce Lee lost the part to Carradine, he went back to Hong Kong, where he made The Big Boss, the film that began his legendary career in martial arts movies.

Kung Fu: The Next Generation[edit]

In Kung Fu: The Next Generation (1987), the story moves to the present day and centers on the story of Johnny Caine (Brandon Lee), who is the great-grandson of Kwai Chang Caine. It explains the original Caine had married and become a town's medicine man. One night he died of heart failure. He appears as a ghost to his grandson and great-grandson, who later destroy a narcotics operation.

Kung Fu: The Legend Continues[edit]

Two decades after the first series ended, a second, related series titled Kung Fu: The Legend Continues running in syndication followed the adventures of Kwai Chang Caine's grandson, also named Kwai Chang Caine.^[12] It again starred Carradine, this time as the grandson of the original Caine, and introduced Chris Potter as his son.^[13] Caine mentor was played by Kim Chan as Lo Si (The Ancient) / Ping Hai. The second series ran for four years, from 1993 to 1997. The first season was released in Germany on DVD in 2009.

Announced follow-ups[edit]

In June 2006, Ed Spielman and Howard Friedlander announced that a feature film (which would serve as a prequel to the original Kung Fu series and take place in China) was in development. In September 2007, it was announced that Max Makowski would direct the movie and that he planned to make the film edgier than the original television series. Actor-director Bill Paxton was in talks to direct the adaptation of the TV series.^[14] On April 11, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Baz Luhrmann was in talks to direct the film, and if the deal was made, Luhrmann was to rewrite the film's script.^[15]

In September 2017, Fox, it was reported that Greg Berlanti and Wendy Mericle were developing a female-led reboot of the series.^[16]

Home media[edit]

Warner Home Video released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 between 2004–2005.

On November 14, 2017, Warner Home Video re-released all three seasons, as well as the complete series set on DVD in Region 1.

Awards[edit]

• 1973: Emmy Award, Best Director - Drama Series, Jerry Thorpe
• 1973: Emmy Award, Best Cinematography - One Hour Drama, Jack Woolf.
• 1973: Writers Guild of America Award, Best Drama, Herman Miller, episode 'King of the Mountain'.^[17]

In popular culture[edit]

In the film Office Space, characters Peter Gibbons and Joanna start a relationship when they both admit to being big fans of Kung Fu, and suggest watching it together.

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In the film Pulp Fiction by Quentin Tarantino, Jules tells Vincent that he intends to 'walk the Earth like Caine in Kung Fu.' Tarantino later cast Carradine as the title character in his films Kill Bill: Volume 1 and Kill Bill: Volume 2.

The British comedy series The Goodies had an episode called 'Kung Fu Kapers' which was mostly a parody of Kung Fu.

Controversy[edit]

The casting of a Caucasian actor in the lead role of Kwai Chang Caine and other forms of cultural appropriation in the series have been discussed, including David Carradine performing in yellow face.^[18]

References[edit]

1. ^'Martial Arts Myths'. Inside Kung Fu. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
2. ^'Season 1 air dates, Pilot aired February 22, 1972'. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
3. ^'Season 3 air dates'. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
4. ^Weber, Bruce (June 5, 2009). 'David Carradine, Actor, Is Dead at 72'. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
5. ^Jonathan Herman (2013). Taoism For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 182.
6. ^'The Tao of Kung Fu - a philosophy of life that is not about fighting'. Kung Fu Fitness and Defense. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
7. ^'We only know good because of evil'. Tao of Kung Fu. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
8. ^Pilot episode shows a telegram (59 min. in) dated November 1873, placing the character's birth squarely in the mid-19th century, 1840–1850.
9. ^'Memorable quotes for Kung Fu (1972) (TV)'. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
10. ^'From The Pierre Berton Show December 8, 1971 (comments near end of part 2 & early in part 3)
11. ^'Independent Lens . SHAOLIN ULYSSES: Kungfu Monks in America . Kungfu Goes West - PBS'. www.pbs.org. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
12. ^John Stanley (January 24, 1993). 'New Fu: David Carradine revives successful '70s series in 'Kung Fu: The Legend Continues''. San Francisco Chronicle.
13. ^Jonathan Storm (January 27, 1993). 'Still Alive and Kickin' David Carradine Is Back in 'Kung Fu' – 150 Years Older and a Little Wiser'. The Philadelphia Inquirer.
14. ^Fleming, Mike, Jr. (October 31, 2011). 'Bill Paxton In Talks To Direct 'Kung Fu''. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
15. ^'Baz Luhrmann in Talks to Direct 'Kung Fu' for Legendary (Exclusive)'. The Hollywood Reporter. Guggenheim Digital Media. April 11, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
16. ^Andreeva, Nellie. ''Kung Fu' Female-Led Series Reboot From Greg Berlanti & Wendy Mericle Set At Fox As Put Pilot'. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
17. ^Pesselnick, Jill (May 11, 1999). 'Herman Miller'. Variety. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
18. ^Matsumura, Rachel (September 27, 2017). 'David Carradine stars in ABC Network's Kung Fu'. Casting Controversies. Retrieved March 21, 2019.

Further reading[edit]

• Anderson, Robert. The Kung Fu Book: The Exclusive, Unauthorized, Uncensored Story of America's Favorite Martial Arts Show. Pioneer Books, Inc., 1994. ISBN1-55698-328-X.
• Carradine, David. Spirit of Shaolin: A Kung Fu Philosophy. Boston: Charles E. Tuttle, 1991. ISBN0-8048-1751-0.
• Pilato, Herbie J. The Kung Fu Book of Caine: The Complete Guide to TV's First Mystical Eastern Western. Boston: Charles E. Tuttle, 1993. ISBN0-8048-1826-6.

External links[edit]

• Kung Fu on IMDb
• Kung Fu at TV Guide
• Kung Fu at TV.com

Kung fu film (Chinese: 功夫片; pinyin: Gōngfu piàn; Jyutping: Gung¹fu¹pin³) is a subgenre of martial arts films and Hong Kong action cinema set in the contemporary period and featuring realistic martial arts. It lacks the fantasy elements seen in wuxia, a related martial arts genre that uses historical settings based on ancient China.^[1] Swordplay is also less common in kung-fu films than in wuxia and fighting is done through unarmed combat.^[2]

Kung fu films are an important product of Hong Kong cinema and the West, where it was exported.^[3] Studios in Hong Kong produce both wuxia and kung fu films.

• 1History
  • 1.1Resurgence in the 1970s
• 3Notes and references

History[edit]

The kung fu genre was born in Hong Kong as a backlash against the supernatural tropes of wuxia.^[4] The wuxia of the period, called shenguai wuxia, combined shenguai fantasy with the martial arts of wuxia. Producers of wuxia depended on special effects to draw in larger audiences like the use of animation in fight scenes. The popularity of shenguai wuxia waned because of its cheap effects and fantasy cliches, paving way for the rise of the kung fu film.^[5] The new genre still shared many of the traits of wuxia. Kung fu protagonists were exemplars of chivalry akin to the ancient youxia, the knight-errants of Chinese wuxia fiction.^[6]

The oldest film in the genre, The Adventures of Fong Sai-yuk (Part 1: 方世玉打擂台; Part 2: 方世玉二卷之胡惠乾打機房), is a 1938–39 two-part movie about the adventures of folk hero Fong Sai-yuk. No surviving copies of the film exist.^[7] A series of films that dramatized the life of Wong Fei-hung, a historical Cantonese martial artist, was another early pioneer of the genre.^[8] The first two films of the Wong series, directed by Wu Pang and starring Kwan-Tak Hing, were released in 1949.^[9] The major innovation of the Wong Fei-hung films was its focus on realistic fighting or zhen gongfu, a departure from earlier wuxia films. The fights were still choreographed, but were designed to be more believable.^[10]Jet Li played Wong in a later revival of the series in 1990s, Tsui Hark's Once Upon a Time in China, and also Fong in the movie Fong Sai-yuk.^[11]

Resurgence in the 1970s[edit]

The kung fu genre reached its height in the 1970s, coinciding with Hong Kong's economic boom.^[12] It overtook the popularity of the new school (xinpai) wuxia films that prevailed in Hong Kong throughout the 1950s and 1960s.^[13] Wuxia had been revitalized in the newspaper serials of the 1950s and its popularity spread to cinemas in the 1960s.^[14] It displaced the kung fu dramatizations of Wong Fei-hung and brought back the supernatural themes of traditional wuxia cinema.^[15] The rivalry between the Shaw Brothers, Golden Harvest, and Seasonal Films studios stimulated the growth of kung fu movies in the Hong Kong film industry.^[16]The Chinese Boxer (1969) directed by Jimmy Wang and Vengeance directed by Chang Cheh in 1970 were the first films of the resurgent kung fu genre.^[17][18]

The new wave of kung fu films reached international audiences after the financial success of Bruce Lee's first feature-length film, The Big Boss, in 1971.^[19][20] Lee spent most of his childhood in Hong Kong where he learned wing chun martial arts and performed as a child actor. He left for the United States, his place of birth, and continued his martial arts training as a high school student. In America, he created Jeet Kune Do, a martial arts style inspired by wing chun, and briefly worked in Hollywood as a film and television actor.^[21]

He returned to Hong Kong and performed his breakthrough role in The Big Boss, followed by five more films. The movies of Bruce Lee began a trend of employing genuine practitioners of martial arts as actors in martial arts films.^[22] Kung fu films were internationally successful and popular in the West where a kung fu fad had taken root.^[23] The anti-imperialist themes of his films held a broad appeal for groups that felt marginalized and contributed to his popularity in Southeast Asia and the African-American and Asian-American communities of urban America.^[24][25] Audiences were sympathetic with Lee's role as a minority figure struggling against and overcoming prejudice, social inequality, and racial discrimination.^[26]

Kung fu comedies[edit]

The genre declined after Bruce Lee's sudden death in 1973. In the same year, a stock market crash brought Hong Kong into a recession.^[27] During the economic downturn, audiences in Hong Kong shifted to favoring comedies and satires.^[28] In the late 1970s the kung fu comedy appeared as a new genre, merging the martial arts of kung fu films with the comedy of Cantonese satires.^[29] The films of Lau Kar-leung, Yuen Woo-ping, and Sammo Hung followed this trend.^[30] Yuen's Drunken Master in 1978 was a financial success that transformed Jackie Chan, its leading actor, into a major Hong Kong movie star.^[31]

The mixture of slapstick comedy with martial arts reinvigorated the kung fu genre. Jackie Chan was the first significant action hero and martial arts performer to emerge from Hong Kong after the death of Bruce Lee.^[32] The films of Jackie Chan and Sammo Hung integrated techniques from Peking Opera, which both had trained in prior to their work as stuntmen and extras in the Hong Kong studio system.^[33][34] They were students of China Drama Academy, a Peking opera school operated by Yu Jim-yuen, which brought elements of combat and dance from Beijing into Cantonese opera.^[35] The Peking Opera-influenced martial arts of kung fu comedies were more fluid and acrobatic than traditional kung fu films.^[36] In the 1980s, Jackie Chan and Sammo Hung transitioned to kung fu films set in urban environments.^[37]

Modern kung fu films[edit]

The realism of the kung fu genre has been blurred with the widespread use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) in the industry. Technology has enabled actors without martial arts training to perform in kung fu films.^[38] Wuxia films experienced a revival in recent years with the films of Ang Lee and Zhang Yimou.^[39] Kung fu comedies remain popular staples of Hong Kong cinema and the kung fu films of Stephen Chow have been box office hits. His 2001 film Shaolin Soccer combined kung fu, modified using CGI, with the sports and comedy genres.^[40] Chow's 2004 film Kung Fu Hustle, choreographed by martial arts directors Sammo Hung and Yuen Woo-ping, was a similar mixture of kung fu and comedy that achieved international success.^[41]Donnie Yen, who emerged during the early 1990s in Jet Li's Once Upon a Time in China II, is currently Hong Kong's top paid actor, starring in several films which helped him achieve international recognition, such as the Ip Man trilogy and Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen.

Global influence[edit]

The competing Shaw Brothers and Golden Harvest studios entered Western markets in the 1970s by releasing dubbed kung fu films in the United States and Europe. Films like The Big Boss (Fists of Fury) and King Boxer (Five Fingers of Death) were box office successes in the West.^[42] By the 1980s and 1990s, American cinema had absorbed the martial arts influences of Hong Kong cinema.^[43] The Matrix, directed by the Wachowskis, was choreographed by martial arts director Yuen Woo-Ping. Martial arts stars like Jackie Chan and Jet Li left Hong Kong to star in American films, but occasionally returned to Hong Kong.^[44]

Notes and references[edit]

Citations[edit]

1. ^Teo 2009, p. 6
2. ^Teo 2009, p. 5
3. ^Teo 2009, p. 5
4. ^Teo 2010, p. 104
5. ^Teo 2009, p. 58
6. ^Teo 2009, p. 59
7. ^Teo 2009, p. 59
8. ^Teo 2009, p. 58
9. ^Teo 2009, p. 60
10. ^Teo 2009, p. 70
11. ^Teo 2009, p. 60
12. ^Li 1996, p. 708
13. ^Teo 2009, p. 70
14. ^Teo 2009, p. 87
15. ^Teo 2009, p. 86
16. ^Szeto 2011, p. 26
17. ^Teo 2009, p. 78
18. ^Szeto 2011, p. 25
19. ^Szeto 2011, p. 25
20. ^Li 1996, p. 708
21. ^Teo 2009, p. 75
22. ^Li 1996, p. 708
23. ^Szeto 2011, p. 26
24. ^Teo 2009, p. 77
25. ^Szeto 2011, p. 27
26. ^Szeto 2011, p. 28
27. ^Li 1996, p. 708
28. ^Li 1996, pp. 708–709
29. ^Li 1996, p. 709
30. ^Li 1996, p. 709
31. ^Li 1996, p. 709
32. ^Szeto 2011, p. 28
33. ^Szeto 2011, p. 29
34. ^Li 1996, p. 709
35. ^Szeto 2011, p. 29
36. ^Szeto 2011, pp. 29–30
37. ^Li 1996, pp. 710–711
38. ^Teo 2010, p. 104
39. ^Teo 2010, p. 109
40. ^Klein 2010, p. 193
41. ^Klein 2010, pp. 193–194
42. ^Teo 2009, p. 77
43. ^Szeto 2011, p. 25
44. ^Teo 2009, p. 159

Bibliography[edit]

• Li, Cheuk-To (1996). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-811257-0.
• Klein, Christina (2008). 'Kung Fu Hustle: Transnational production and the global Chinese-language film'. Journal of Chinese Cinemas. 1 (3): 189–208. doi:10.1386/jcc.1.3.189_1.
• Szeto, Kin-Yan (2011). The Martial Arts Cinema of the Chinese Diaspora: Ang Lee, John Woo, and Jackie Chan in Hollywood. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN978-0-8093-8620-8.
• Teo, Stephen (2010). Art, Politics, and Commerce in Chinese Cinema. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN978-962-209-176-4.
• Teo, Stephen (2009). Chinese Martial Arts Cinema: The Wuxia Tradition. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN978-0-7486-3286-2.

External links[edit]

• Stephen Chin collection on kung fu films, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences